It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant through its blockage of adenosine receptors, mainly A1 and A2A subtypes, thus competitively antagonizing their action. Ĭaffeine is a methylxanthine, in the same group as theophylline. In the same report, 4% to 5% of students in all three grades reported use of one or more energy shots per day, each typically coming in containers of two to three ounces. In the 2019 survey of Monitoring for the Future, between 10% and 12% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades reported using one or more EDs per day in the United States. In Europe, 48% of university students using EDs had taken them with alcohol while in Australia half of respondents reported mixing alcohol and EDs at least once in the last year. For instance, one in four youths in North America had consumed alcohol with EDs during the previous year. Combining EDs with alcohol is also popular among young people, either as a mixed cocktail or in the same drinking session. In a European one, 13% of daily caffeine intake in adolescents was from EDs. In a United States national survey, the greatest prevalence of ED consumption was found among 13–24 years old (10% of caffeine consumers). Since the 1980s, the consumption of energy drinks (EDs) has increased, with teenagers and young adults representing the principal consumers.
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